Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England Clip Art
| Commonwealth of England | |
|---|---|
| 1649–1660 | |
 Flag of the Commonwealth | |
| Including | Third English Civil State of war British Interregnum The Protectorate (1653–1659) |
| Preceded by | 2nd English Civil War |
| Followed past | Stuart Restoration (1660) |
| Leader(s) |
|
The Commonwealth was the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland,[1] were governed as a republic after the end of the 2nd English language Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I. The commonwealth's existence was declared through "An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth",[2] adopted by the Rump Parliament on xix May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a Council of Country. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them, as part of what is now generally referred to equally the Third English Civil War.
In 1653, subsequently dissolution of the Rump Parliament, the Army Council adopted the Instrument of Government which fabricated Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector of a united "Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland", inaugurating the flow at present usually known equally the Protectorate. After Cromwell'southward death, and post-obit a brief period of rule under his son, Richard Cromwell, the Protectorate Parliament was dissolved in 1659 and the Rump Parliament recalled, starting a procedure that led to the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. The term Commonwealth is sometimes used for the whole of 1649 to 1660 – called by some the Interregnum – although for other historians, the apply of the term is limited to the years prior to Cromwell'southward formal supposition of power in 1653.
In retrospect, the catamenia of republican dominion for England was a failure in the short term. During the 11-year period, no stable regime was established to rule the English language country for longer than a few months at a fourth dimension. Several administrative structures were tried, and several Parliaments called and seated, but little in the manner of meaningful, lasting legislation was passed. The only force keeping it together was the personality of Oliver Cromwell, who exerted command through the war machine by style of the "Grandees", being the Major-Generals and other senior military leaders of the New Model Army. Not only did Cromwell's authorities crumble into near anarchy upon his death and the brief administration of his son, just the monarchy he overthrew was restored in 1660, and its first act was officially to erase all traces of whatever constitutional reforms of the Republican period. All the same, the retentivity of the Parliamentarian crusade, dubbed the Good Old Cause by the soldiers of the New Model Army, lingered on. It would comport through English politics and eventually result in a ramble monarchy.
The Commonwealth catamenia is meliorate remembered for the military success of Thomas Fairfax, Oliver Cromwell, and the New Model Army. Too resounding victories in the English Civil War, the reformed Navy under the command of Robert Blake defeated the Dutch in the Outset Anglo-Dutch State of war which marked the first pace towards England's naval supremacy. In Ireland, the Democracy period is remembered for Cromwell's brutal subjugation of the Irish, which connected the policies of the Tudor and Stuart periods.
1649–1653 [edit]
| Commonwealth of England | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1649–1653 | |||||||||||
| Flag Arms | |||||||||||
 Territory claimed past the Democracy in 1653 | |||||||||||
| Capital | London | ||||||||||
| Common languages | English Irish gaelic Welsh | ||||||||||
| Authorities | Republic | ||||||||||
| Legislature | Parliament | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
| • Announcement | 19 May 1649 | ||||||||||
| • Instrument of Authorities | xvi December 1653 | ||||||||||
| Currency | Pound sterling Irish gaelic pound | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today office of | Republic of ireland United Kingdom | ||||||||||
Rump Parliament [edit]
The Rump was created by Pride's Purge of those members of the Long Parliament who did not support the political position of the Grandees in the New Model Army. But before and after the execution of King Charles I on xxx January 1649, the Rump passed a number of acts of Parliament creating the legal footing for the democracy. With the abolition of the monarchy, Privy Council and the House of Lords, it had unchecked executive and legislative power. The English Quango of State, which replaced the Privy Council, took over many of the executive functions of the monarchy. Information technology was selected past the Rump, and most of its members were MPs. However, the Rump depended on the support of the Ground forces with which information technology had a very uneasy relationship. Subsequently the execution of Charles I, the House of Commons abolished the monarchy and the Firm of Lords. It alleged the people of England "and of all the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging" to be henceforth under the governance of a "Commonwealth",[iii] effectively a commonwealth.
Structure [edit]
In Pride's Purge, all members of parliament (including most of the political Presbyterians) who would not accept the need to bring the Rex to trial had been removed. Thus the Rump never had more than ii hundred members (less than half the number of the Commons in the original Long Parliament). They included: supporters of religious independents who did non desire an established church and some of whom had sympathies with the Levellers; Presbyterians who were willing to countenance the trial and execution of the Male monarch; and later admissions, such as formerly excluded MPs who were prepared to denounce the Newport Treaty negotiations with the King.
Most Rumpers were gentry, though there was a higher proportion of lesser gentry and lawyers than in previous parliaments. Less than i-quarter of them were regicides. This left the Rump every bit basically a conservative body whose vested interests in the existing land ownership and legal systems made it unlikely to want to reform them.
Bug and achievements [edit]
A 21st-century edition of the Act Declaring and Constituting the People of England to exist a Commonwealth and Free-State enacted on 19 May 1649
For the first two years of the Republic, the Rump faced economical depression and the risk of invasion from Scotland and Ireland. Past 1653 Cromwell and the Army had largely eliminated these threats.
There were many disagreements amidst factions of the Rump. Some wanted a republic, but others favoured retaining some type of monarchical government. Most of England's traditional ruling classes regarded the Rump as an illegal authorities made up of regicides and upstarts. Even so, they were also aware that the Rump might exist all that stood in the way of an outright military dictatorship. High taxes, mainly to pay the Regular army, were resented by the gentry. Express reforms were enough to antagonise the ruling class but not enough to satisfy the radicals.
Despite its unpopularity, the Rump was a link with the old constitution and helped to settle England downwards and make information technology secure later the biggest upheaval in its history. By 1653, France and Spain had recognised England's new government.
Reforms [edit]
Though the Church of England was retained, episcopacy was suppressed and the Human action of Uniformity 1558 was repealed in September 1650.[4] Mainly on the insistence of the Regular army, many independent churches were tolerated, although anybody still had to pay tithes to the established church.
Some small improvements were fabricated to law and court procedure; for example, all court proceedings were at present conducted in English rather than in Law French or Latin.[five] However, there were no widespread reforms of the common law. This would take upset the gentry, who regarded the common police force as reinforcing their status and property rights.
The Rump passed many restrictive laws to regulate people's moral behaviour, such as endmost downwardly theatres and requiring strict observance of Sunday. This antagonised almost of the gentry.
Dismissal [edit]
Cromwell, aided by Thomas Harrison, forcibly dismissed the Rump on 20 April 1653, for reasons that are unclear. Theories are that he feared the Rump was trying to perpetuate itself as the government, or that the Rump was preparing for an ballot which could render an anti-Commonwealth majority. Many former members of the Rump connected to regard themselves as England's just legitimate ramble authority. The Rump had not agreed to its own dissolution; their legal, constitutional view it was unlawful was based on Charles' concessionary Act prohibiting the dissolution of Parliament without its own consent (on 11 May 1641, leading to the entire Democracy being the latter years of the Long Parliament in their majority view).
Barebone'southward Parliament, July–Dec 1653 [edit]
The dissolution of the Rump was followed by a short period in which Cromwell and the Ground forces ruled solitary. Nobody had the ramble authority to call an election, just Cromwell did not want to impose a military dictatorship. Instead, he ruled through a 'nominated assembly' which he believed would be easy for the Army to control since Army officers did the nominating.
Barebone'south Parliament was opposed by erstwhile Rumpers and ridiculed by many gentries as being an assembly of 'junior' people. Nevertheless, over 110 of its 140 members were lesser gentry or of college social status. (An exception was Praise-God Barebone, a Baptist merchant later on whom the Assembly got its derogatory nickname.) Many were well educated.
The assembly reflected the range of views of the officers who nominated it. The Radicals (approximately 40) included a hard core of Fifth Monarchists who wanted to be rid of Common Law and whatsoever state command of organized religion. The Moderates (approximately 60) wanted some improvements within the existing system and might move to either the radical or conservative side depending on the issue. The Conservatives (approximately 40) wanted to proceed the status quo (since Common Law protected the interests of the gentry, and tithes and advowsons were valuable property).
Cromwell saw Barebone's Parliament every bit a temporary legislative body which he hoped would produce reforms and develop a constitution for the Democracy. However, members were divided over key issues, only 25 had previous parliamentary experience, and although many had some legal training, there were no qualified lawyers.
Cromwell seems to accept expected this grouping of 'amateurs' to produce reform without management or direction. When the radicals mustered plenty support to defeat a nib which would have preserved the status quo in faith, the conservatives, together with many moderates, surrendered their potency dorsum to Cromwell who sent soldiers to clear the rest of the Assembly. Barebone's Parliament was over.
The Protectorate, 1653–1659 [edit]
Arms of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector, used on the cracking seal from 1655 to 1659.[half-dozen]
Throughout 1653, Cromwell and the Ground forces slowly dismantled the machinery of the Commonwealth land. The English language Council of State, which had assumed the executive function formerly held past the King and his Privy Quango, was forcibly dissolved by Cromwell on 20 April, and in its place a new quango, filled with Cromwell's own called men, was installed. 3 days after Barebone's Parliament dissolved itself, the Instrument of Authorities was adopted by Cromwell's council and a new country structure, at present known historically as The Protectorate, was given its shape. This new constitution granted Cromwell sweeping powers equally Lord Protector, an role which ironically had much the same role and powers as the King had under the monarchy, a fact not lost on Cromwell'southward critics.
On 12 Apr 1654, under the terms of the Tender of Union, the Ordinance for uniting Scotland into i Republic with England was issued past the Lord Protector and proclaimed in Scotland past the military governor of Scotland, General George Monck, 1st Knuckles of Albemarle. The ordinance declared that "the people of Scotland should be united with the people of England into i Republic and under 1 Government" and decreed that a new "Arms of the Democracy", incorporating the Saltire, should exist placed on "all the public seals, seals of office, and seals of bodies civil or corporate, in Scotland" equally "a badge of this Union".[vii] [i]
Outset Protectorate Parliament [edit]
Cromwell and his Quango of Land spent the first several months of 1654 preparing for the Showtime Protectorate Parliament by drawing up a prepare of 84 bills for consideration. The Parliament was freely elected (as free as such elections could exist in the 17th century) and as such, the Parliament was filled with a wide range of political interests, and as such did non accomplish whatever of its goals; information technology was dissolved every bit soon equally police would permit by Cromwell having passed none of Cromwell'southward proposed bills.
Rule of the Major-Generals and Second Protectorate Parliament [edit]
Having decided that Parliament was not an efficient means of getting his policies enacted, Cromwell instituted a system of direct military rule of England during a period known every bit the Dominion of the Major-Generals; all of England was divided into 10 regions, each was governed directly by one of Cromwell'due south Major-Generals, who were given sweeping powers to collect taxes and enforce the peace. The Major-Generals were highly unpopular, a fact that they themselves noticed and many urged Cromwell to call another Parliament to requite his rule legitimacy.
Unlike the prior Parliament, which had been open to all eligible males in the Commonwealth, the new elections specifically excluded Catholics and Royalists from running or voting; as a result, it was stocked with members who were more than in line with Cromwell's ain politics. The outset major pecker to be brought upwardly for debate was the Militia Beak, which was ultimately voted downward by the House. As a issue, the authority of the Major-Generals to collect taxes to support their own regimes ended, and the Rule of the Major Generals came to an stop. The second piece of major legislation was the passage of the Humble Petition and Advice, a sweeping constitutional reform which had ii purposes. The start was to reserve for Parliament certain rights, such as a three-twelvemonth stock-still-term (which the Lord Protector was required to bide by) and to reserve for the Parliament the sole correct of taxation. The second, as a concession to Cromwell, was to make the Lord Protector a hereditary position and to convert the title to a formal ramble Kingship. Cromwell refused the title of King, merely accustomed the rest of the legislation, which was passed in final form on 25 May 1657.
A second session of the Parliament met in 1658; it immune previously excluded MPs (who had been not allowed to have their seats considering of Catholic and/or Royalist leanings) to accept their seats, however, this made the Parliament far less compliant to the wishes of Cromwell and the Major-Generals; information technology accomplished little in the way of a legislative calendar and was dissolved afterward a few months.
Richard Cromwell and the Third Protectorate Parliament [edit]
On the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, his son, Richard Cromwell, inherited the title, Lord Protector. Richard had never served in the Army, which meant he lost control over the Major-Generals that had been the source of his own father'south power. The Third Protectorate Parliament was summoned in late 1658 and was seated on 27 January 1659. Its first deed was to confirm Richard's role as Lord Protector, which information technology did past a sizeable, simply not overwhelming, bulk. Rapidly, yet, information technology became apparent that Richard had no control over the Army and divisions quickly developed in the Parliament. One faction called for a remember of the Rump Parliament and a return to the constitution of the Commonwealth, while another preferred the existing constitution. As the parties grew increasingly quarrelsome, Richard dissolved it. He was quickly removed from ability, and the remaining Army leadership recalled the Rump Parliament, setting the stage for the render of the Monarchy a twelvemonth afterwards.
1659–1660 [edit]
| Commonwealth of England | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1659–1660 | |||||||||||||
| Flag Arms | |||||||||||||
 Territory of the Commonwealth in 1660 | |||||||||||||
| Capital | London | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | English language Scots Scottish Gaelic Irish gaelic Welsh | ||||||||||||
| Government | Commonwealth | ||||||||||||
| Legislature | Parliament | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
| • R. Cromwell's resignation | 25 May 1659 | ||||||||||||
| • Proclamation of Breda | iv Apr 1660 | ||||||||||||
| Currency | Pound sterling Pound Scots Irish gaelic pound | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Today part of | Ireland United kingdom | ||||||||||||
After the Grandees in the New Model Regular army removed Richard, they reinstalled the Rump Parliament in May 1659. Charles Fleetwood was appointed a fellow member of the Committee of Safety and of the Council of State, and one of the seven commissioners for the regular army. On 9 June he was nominated lord-general (commander-in-main) of the army. Still, his ability was undermined in parliament, which chose to condone the ground forces'south authority in a like fashion to the pre–Ceremonious War parliament. On 12 Oct 1659 the Commons cashiered General John Lambert and other officers, and installed Fleetwood as chief of a armed forces quango under the potency of the Speaker. The adjacent solar day Lambert ordered that the doors of the Firm be close and the members kept out. On 26 Oct a "Committee of Safety" was appointed, of which Fleetwood and Lambert were members. Lambert was appointed major-general of all the forces in England and Scotland, Fleetwood being general. Lambert was now sent, by the Committee of Safety, with a big force to meet George Monck, who was in command of the English language forces in Scotland, and either negotiate with him or force him to come up to terms.
It was into this atmosphere that General George Monck marched south with his army from Scotland. Lambert's regular army began to desert him, and he returned to London nearly alone. On 21 February 1660, Monck reinstated the Presbyterian members of the Long Parliament 'secluded' by Pride, then that they could prepare legislation for a new parliament. Fleetwood was deprived of his command and ordered to appear before parliament to reply for his deport. On three March Lambert was sent to the Belfry, from which he escaped a month later. Lambert tried to rekindle the civil war in favour of the Republic by issuing a proclamation calling on all supporters of the "Good Onetime Crusade" to rally on the battlefield of Edgehill. However, he was recaptured past Colonel Richard Ingoldsby, a regicide who hoped to win a pardon by handing Lambert over to the new authorities. The Long Parliament dissolved itself on sixteen March.
On iv April 1660, in response to a secret message sent by Monck, Charles II issued the Annunciation of Breda, which made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the offset time on 25 April. On 8 May information technology proclaimed that Rex Charles Two had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649.[eight] Charles returned from exile on 23 May.[ix] He entered London on 29 May, his altogether. To gloat "his Majesty'southward Return to his Parliament" 29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known every bit Oak Apple Day.[10] He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.[nine]
See also [edit]
- Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
- Flags of the English Interregnum
- List of Ordinances and Acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660
- Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate
- Republicanism in the United Kingdom
Notes [edit]
- ^ a b Schultz 2010.
- ^ Wikisource:An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth
- ^ HMSO 1911.
- ^ 27 September 1650 "Deed for the Repeal of several Clauses in Statutes imposing Penalties for non coming to Church building" (Firth & Rait 1911, pp. 423–425)
- ^ "November 1650: An Act for turning the Books of the Law, and all Proces and Proceedings in Courts of Justice, into English language".
- ^ Civilisation 24. "Parliament Calendar week: A Cromwellian Act and Seal from the Cromwell Museum". Culture24.org.u.k.. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved x January 2015.
- ^ Sevaldsen 2007, p. 39.
- ^ "House of Eatables Journal Volume 8: 8 May 1660".
- ^ a b "Tuesday 23 April 1661". The Diary of Samuel Pepys.
- ^ "House of Eatables Periodical Book 8: 30 May 1660".
References [edit]
- Firth, C. H.; Rait, R. Due south., eds. (1911), "September 1650: Deed for the Repeal of several Clauses in Statutes imposing Penalties for not coming to Church building", Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660, pp. 423–425
- "March 1649: An Act for the abolishing the Kingly Office in England and Ireland, and the Dominions thereunto belonging", Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660., London: His Majesty'due south Stationery Function, 1911, pp. eighteen–xx
- Schultz, Oleg, ed. (fourteen March 2010), "Scotland and the Republic: 1651–1660", Archontology.org , retrieved one December 2012
- Sevaldsen, Jørgen; et al. (2007), Angles on the English-Speaking Earth, V.7: The State of the Union: Scotland, 1707–2007, Museum Tusculanum Printing, p. 39, ISBN978-87-635-0702-8
External links [edit]
- Coins from the Commonwealth of England period, 1649–1660, including halfcrowns
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England
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